block/raw-posix: Fix disk corruption in try_fiemap

Using fiemap without FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC is a known corrupter.

Add the FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC flag to the FS_IOC_FIEMAP ioctl.  This has
the downside of significantly reducing performance.

Reported-By: Michael Steffens <michael_steffens@posteo.de>
Signed-off-by: Tony Breeds <tony@bakeyournoodle.com>
Cc: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Cc: Markus Armbruster <armbru@redhat.com>
Cc: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
Cc: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Cc: Pádraig Brady <pbrady@redhat.com>
Cc: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>