block: Fix backing paths for filenames with colons

path_combine() naturally tries to preserve a protocol prefix. However,
it recognizes such a prefix by scanning for the first colon; which is
different from what path_has_protocol() does: There only is a protocol
prefix if there is a colon before the first slash.

A protocol prefix that is not recognized by path_has_protocol() is none,
and should thus not be taken as one.

Case in point, before this patch:
$ ./qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b backing.qcow2 ./top:image.qcow2
qemu-img: ./top:image.qcow2: Could not open './top:backing.qcow2':
    No such file or directory

Afterwards:
$ ./qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b backing.qcow2 ./top:image.qcow2
qemu-img: ./top:image.qcow2: Could not open './backing.qcow2':
    No such file or directory

Reported-by: yangyang <yangyang@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Message-id: 20170522195217.12991-2-mreitz@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>